Lived Experience of Mental Health-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Sandy Jeffs has used poetry, and storytelling to share her lived experience of mental health and illness. She is a prize-winning poet and author who has lived with schizophrenia for 35 years. This film was created by George Clipp for Tell Me A Story, a digital storytelling project of Something In Common and the Australian Human Rights Commission Discuss about her Case Study. Answer: Sandy Jeffs is an award winning people and author and diagnosed with schizophrenia at the age of 23 and hasfoughtwith the disease for schizophrenia for over 35 years. She is an advocate and performs community education based on her experiences of living with mental illness. In 2010 her memoir Flying with Paper Wings was selected as Sane Australias Book of the Year (Australian Human Rights Commission, 2016). The following essay aims to analyse the how lived experience can help to improve the therapy plan for the subsequent recovery from the mental health complications. This lived experience will be discussed under the light of the recovery journey of Sandy Jeff from schizophrenia and national framework for recovery-oriented mental health services: guide for practitioners and providers. The concept of thelived experience of mental health and illness According to Department of Health Australia (2013), lived experience and thoughts of people suffering from mental health complications are an important domain of modifying care giving process to the population suffering from mental health. Just like all the residents of the society, peoplewho are suffering from mental health complications desire meaningful occupation, respect in their lives and sustaining relationships. Aiming on peoples lived experience and on their requirement rather than focusing on the organisational policies offer a completely new yet transformative conceptual framework for practise and service delivery and thereby promoting fast recovery (Department of Health Australia 2013). The phenomenological analysis of the lived experience of the mental health nurse conducted by Maddockset al. (2010) showed that neither family-centred care nor a person-centred outlook is sufficiently to comprehensively meet the required to the mental health clients. An integrated model of care that encompasses person-centred and family-centred approach must work in tandem in order to achieve fastest recovery. According to Australian Health Ministers Advisory Council (2017), joining lived experience along with skills and knowledge of mental health professionals bestows profound opportunities towardscultural change in the manner it challenges theprevailing norms of professional skills. A majority of the mental health professionals has lived experience of mental health either in their close relationships or in their own lives and thisrecovery paradigms will help to change the traditional demarcation between service givers and users. Within the recovery paradigms, all groups of people are respected for theirexpertise, experience and strengths that they contribute. The concept ofrecoveryin the experience of mental health and illness The concept of recovery oriented culture in mental health and illness services dealswith providing proper assistance to the people with mental health complications with proper combination of treatments, supports and services. Recovery oriented practise of mental health also centres on the eliminationof discrimination via removing barriers and thereby promoting comprehensive participation in education, work and community life (Australian Health Ministers Advisory Council, 2017). According to the reports published by Dalum et al. (2015), health care professionals passthrough recovery-oriented changes in their attitude directed towards life with mental illness. This alters their approach of professional practise and directs it towards the stronger focus on clients personal goal rather than disease oriented goals. Parker (2014) further opined that the philosophy of recovery from mental illness is a personal process that is based on four internal condition that includes hope, understandin g, empowerment and connection. For these four condition to exist, Parker (2014) have proposed proper implementation of four key values namely person oriented care, involvement of the person, self choice or self determination and hope. Main ideas of the National framework for recovery-oriented mental health services: guide for practitioners and providers The national framework for recovery-oriented mental health services provides a direction towards the new policy in order to up lift the mental health service procurement in Australia. The framework supports attitudinal and cultural change and encourages a principal review of mix of skills within the team of mental health. The main idea of the framework is to provide a detailed analysis of the recovery and lived experience. According to the framework, recovery-oriented approach offers a transformative conceptual for practise and service procurement in mental health which recognizing the values of lived experience and insight of people with mental health complication and their family members. Furthermore, here the concept of recovery is linked the ability to live and create a meaningful and contributing life under the community settings with or without the presence of mental health issues. Thus the recovery-oriented mental health service delivery is mostly emphasizes on the needs and t he aspirations of the people and requires a shared commitments and visions at all level of organisations (Australian Health Ministers Advisory Council, 2017). Sandy Jeffs: Recovery Oriented Practice Sandy Jeffs was found saying in the video published by Australian Human Rights Commission (2016) that people who are suffering from the mental health complications has no purpose in life, no reasoning, no hope, no meaning. She said, because you are mental ill, people look down at you, people stigmatized you. According to her, this lack of aim in life lowers their self-esteem and thereby increasing the chronicity of the problem. Sheopined that it is the duty of the people in the community to help this group of people via providing them with meaningful job and thereby helping them to get a sense of worthiness in life. She mainly said that all they need is equal opportunity to work along with guidance. One cannot chuck people in a situationforcefully and blame them for their failure. It is the duty of the people residing in the community to provide support to the mentally ill people in order to cope up with the work conduction. The opinion of Sandy Jeffs goes in sync with the National f ramework for recovery-oriented mental health services. According to this framework, the recovery structure must model based on education, employment, housing and social plus family relationships. This it provides a direct approach towards person centred care model along with taking proper actions towards social inclusion and social determinants. Thus it is the duty of the mental health care professionals to build the therapy plan based on individuals values and this will in turn promote self-understanding of their psychosis and thereby supporting fast recovery and subsequent development of self-management skills (Stanghellini, Bolton Fulford, 2013). Mental healthcare professionals must also work in unison with the community members towards the way of underpinning cultural and social factors, which will promote social inclusion, and thereby contributing towards the lower levels of stigma, during the tenure of extreme hardship (Evans-Lacko et al., 2014; Tew et al., 2012). While illustrating per personal story, Sandy Jeffs quoted, I was told by the doctors that I would go deeper into the madness from which I will never ever recover. So the prognosis was disgusting and so in order to do something fruitful, I started documenting my madness in poetry. The National framework for recovery-oriented mental health servicesalso vouch towards the active observance of the supporting personal recovery. Like in case of Sandy Jeffs, the mental healthcare professionals instead of demotivating her recovery, progress, must have supported towards fast personal recovery. According to Slade et al. (2012) demotivation or lack of hope decreases the hope of the mental health patients and thereby increasing the severity of the mental health complications further. Slade et al. (2012) have further opined that recovery is not about getting physically fit or ceasing the requirement of support. The true meaning of recovery is recovering a life, the right to participate in all face ts of economic and civic life as an equal citizen. In the video Sandy Jeffs has said that her first book got published whenshe was 40 years old and it changed her life completely. Thus, it can be said that her poetry came as a medium of salvation that helped her to emote her pain and thereby helping her to cope with the mental health complications. For example in her poem Medicated, she has written: Ive been Imipramined, Prothiadened, Lexaproed Effexored Zolofted to happiness I was ValiumedAtivaned into tranquility Now Im Zyprexaed ravenous fuzzled Im Lamotrigined balanced Seroquelled Yes indeedy, Im medicated dedicated to The medication trolley Heres looking at you pill bottles This intricate use of the names of the anti-depression pills and its linage towards its prospective outcomes provided a detailed insight about how she has used her poetry to express her feelings associated with rigorous intake to innumerable medicines and she has right-fully accepted the entire process.According to the Sealet al. (2012) medicines might provide an instant relief from the physical complication but active mental support along with proper procurement of medicine will accelerate the path of recovery. The same thing is evident from the poem of Sandy Jeff that she is only living on piles of medicines and considering medicines are her enemy or competitors however, proper mental support will help her recover faster by considering medicines not as her competitor but as a medium to fast recovery. This approach goes in accordance with the guidance of tailoring recovery-oriented responses as this promotes comprehensive health and wellbeing via proving both medication and mental h ealth support (Australian Health Ministers Advisory Council, 2017). In another poem named McMadness, she has written, Now that you are here terms conditions apply you can only stay a few days but dont worry well get you McSane before you can say can I have some compassion with that? well give you drugs that will fatten you up kill your libido make you dribble constipated turn you into a zombie sedate to you to exhaustion eventually bring on diabetes cardiovascular disease premature death but well have you out of here like shit off a shovel even if youre still mad Thus it shows that how the doctors brutally prescribeseries of medicines without analysing its associated side-effects and how the consumptions of gamut medicines are actually reducing the quality of life of the mental health patients. According to Murrough et al. (2013) the side-effects of anti-depressant pills hampers the quality of life in the long run via generating mental health complications. So in order to produce comprehensive health and well-being it the duty of the healthcare professionals to procure therapy plan based on the life circumstances (physical and mental) and thus giving importance towards person centered care based on lived experiences (Australian Health Ministers Advisory Council, 2017). Moreover, Bratman, Hamilton and Daily (2012) is of the opinion that both natural and physical environment impact the health and well-being of the human. The physical complications arising out of the long-term anti-depressant treatments might have their own further medication ap proach but providing assistance in the form of upliftment of the surrounding environment will provide the mental health patient strength to cope up with the associated physical complications. Thus, from the above discussion it can be concluded that framing of the mental health recovery plan based on the lived experience of the mental health practitioners or mental health service consumers will promote fastest recovery of the mental health patients. The National framework for recovery-oriented mental health services: guide for practitioners and providers provide a detailed recovery-oriented service delivery plan for comprehensive procurement of the mental health therapy. Under this therapy person centred care, health and well-being and actions towards social exclusion gets special prominence and this gain aligns with the lived experience of Sandy Jeffs. References Australian Health Ministers Advisory Council., (2017). A national framework for recovery-oriented mental health services: Guide For Practitioners And Providers. Access date: 3rd April. Retrieved from: https://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/content/67D17065514CF8E8CA257C1D00017A90/$File/recovgde.pdf Australian Human Rights Commission., (2010). 2010 Media Release: Shortlists announced for 2010 Human Rights Awards. Access date: 10th April 2018. Retrieved from: https://www.humanrights.gov.au/news/media-releases/2010-media-release-shortlists-announced-2010-human-rights-awards Bratman, G. N., Hamilton, J. P., Daily, G. C. (2012). The impacts of nature experience on human cognitive function and mental health.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,1249(1), 118-136. Dalum, H. S., Pedersen, I. K., Cunningham, H., Eplov, L. F. (2015).From Recovery Programs to Recovery-Oriented Practice?A Qualitative Study of Mental Health Professionals' Experiences When Facilitating a Recovery-Oriented Rehabilitation Program.Archives of psychiatric nursing,29(6), 419-425. Department of Health Australia., (2013). A National framework for recovery-oriented mental health services: guide for practitioners and providers. Accessed on: 2nd April. 2018. Retrieved from: https://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/content/67D17065514CF8E8CA257C1D00017A90/$File/2.pdf Evans-Lacko, S., Courtin, E., Fiorillo, A., Knapp, M., Luciano, M., Park, A. L., ...Gulacsi, L. (2014). The state of the art in European research on reducing social exclusion and stigma related to mental health: a systematic mapping of the literature.European Psychiatry,29(6), 381-389. Maddocks, S., Johnson, S., Wright, N., Stickley, T. (2010). A phenomenological exploration of the lived experience of mental health nurses who care for clients with enduring mental health problems who are parents.Journal of psychiatric and mental health nursing,17(8), 674-682. Murrough, J. W., Perez, A. M., Pillemer, S., Stern, J., Parides, M. K., aan het Rot, M., ...Iosifescu, D. V. (2013). Rapid and longer-term antidepressant effects of repeated ketamine infusions in treatment-resistant major depression.Biological psychiatry,74(4), 250-256. Parker, J. (2014).Recovery in mental health.SAMJ: South African Medical Journal,104(1), 77-77. Poetry recital from Sandy Jeffs "Medicated"., (2016). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q-MS4Sbv8Ng Sandy Jeffs., (2012). McMadness.Centre of Medical Humanities: Durham University. Retrieved from: https://centreformedicalhumanities.org/medicated-and-mcmadness/ Sandy Jeffs., (2012). Medicated.Centre of Medical Humanities: Durham University. Retrieved from: https://centreformedicalhumanities.org/medicated-and-mcmadness/ Sandy Jeffs., (2013). Somethingincommon.gov.au. Australian Human Rights Commission. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pEszvWRsgZgt=23s Seal, K. H., Shi, Y., Cohen, G., Cohen, B. E., Maguen, S., Krebs, E. E., Neylan, T. C. (2012). Association of mental health disorders with prescription opioids and high-risk opioid use in US veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan.Jama,307(9), 940-947. Slade, M., Amering, M., Farkas, M., Hamilton, B., O'Hagan, M., Panther, G., ... Whitley, R. (2014). Uses and abuses of recovery: implementing recovery?oriented practices in mental health systems.World Psychiatry,13(1), 12-20. Stanghellini, G., Bolton, D., Fulford, W. K. (2013).Person-centered psychopathology of schizophrenia: building on Karl Jaspers understanding of patients attitude toward his illness.Schizophrenia bulletin,39(2), 287-294. Tew, J., Ramon, S., Slade, M., Bird, V., Melton, J., Le Boutillier, C. (2012). Social factors and recovery from mental health difficulties: a review of the evidence.The British Journal of Social Work,42(3), 443-460.

Lat Essay Example

Lat Essay I therefore believe that every discovery is unique in their presentation of a constant flow of newer and changing perceptions of the world. In his play, Away BY Michael Go explores the rejuvenation of his characters through their renewed perception of themselves and the others in the play. In addition the Edgar Allen Popes short story oval portrait explores the unexpected discoveries of the . Narrator. Both texts provide a renewed understanding of ourselves and the world around us. Every discovery of the world is a rebirth and a reawakening because it offers renewed perceptions Of the world around us. Coral is married to Roy had a son who died in the Vietnam War, the Vietnam war serves a dramatic purpose experimentation corals loss. Coral experiences extreme grief at the loss of her son; however she experiences a profound rejuvenation of life through Toms play -? The Stranger On The Shore which uses the play within a play technique that Go sees to show his audiences the effect that plays have on human emotions which subsequently leads to their revival / reawakening. That lead to re- discovery. This This Provides a renewed understanding of themselves and others around. Toms imminent death encapsulates the plays major thematic concern and determines its direction. We will write a custom essay sample on Lat specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lat specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lat specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The play opens with the Shakespearean play A Midsummer Night Dreams in which Tom plays the role of Puck. Just as Puck directs the dance of the fairies in the school performance so too does Tom who channels the plays action. His discovery of two characters with strongly opposing views: Coral and Gwen is reflected by their re-evaluation of their lives. About life Coral seems to have immersed herself in loss claiming rhetorically that, Its everywhere isnt it? In the air that we breathe emotively portraying her discovery of the continuous reminder of her son. She yells out You sent him away portraying her vulnerability as she blames Roy for her sons death. Every discovery of the world is a rebirth and a reawakening because it offers renewed perceptions of the world around us unexpectednesss discoveries can lead individuals to renewed perceptions of ourselves and The concept of discovery of others is represented in horror short story Oval portrait through consequences of discovery can be far reaching even life changing Peashooters. Popes horror short story clearly reinforces the notion of renewed perceptions of the world around ourselves and others discovery of others. Edgar Allen Poe was an American author, poet, editor and literacy critic who was considered part the American Romantic Movement. Best known his tales Of mystery and death. The author explores this by revealing how unexpected discoveries can lead individuals to recognize others obsessions,. Ruin fatal love relationships and incomprehensible madness. This is evident when the narrator for example is fascinated by both the oval portrait and the book which explains the painters wild obsessions with wife to the point that his wife to the narrator immediately develops a high degree of curiosity in terms of questioning how this painting came to existence and what this artwork could teach him about humanity, love and life in general outgeneraled. The protagonist finds this object both fascinating and provocative. I was the portrait of a young girl just ripening into womanhood.. In a very few moment I again looked fixedly at the painting. Popes uses contemplative tone when the narrators discovery of this artwork clearly sparks a great deal of curiosity, mainly his interest in the fatal relationship between the printer and his wife. the The cause of my deep agitation being thus shut from view, I sought eagerly the volume which discussed the painting and their histories. Turning to the number which signaled the oval portrait, I read the vague and quaint words which follow . Popes use of first person narrative voice by helping the readers empathic with the protagonist and his fascination with the lady in the artwork. Readers can ascertain that the narrator is also another victim of art, indeed he falls in love like the painter to art and for his painting. An individuals obsession with the artistic form can lead to destructive relationships and madness. Edgar Allen Poe (1809-1849) was an American author, poet, editor and literacy critic ho was considered part the American Romantic Movement . Best known his tales of mystery and death. This text is therefore one of integrity as the author catered to gothic literature which combined romanticism and parts of death elements in the setting, plot and the characters in his text highlighted the fact that discoveries may be caused by a sense of wonder and remunerated discoveries can lead individuals to renewed perceptions of ourselves and others. In a world as complex as ours, there are a constant presentation of discoveries. Therefore believe that every discovery is unique n their presentation of a constant flow of newer and changing perceptions of the world. Go explores the rejuvenation of his characters through their renewed perception of themselves and the others in the play this evident in corals loss of her son. In addition the Popes short story oval portrait explores the unexpected discoveries of the narrator this is shown with the narrators recantation and his wife being reunited from his previous life thus a rejuvenation in life. Both texts provide a renewed understanding of ourselves and the world around us.

Abortion Persuasive Essay Samples - Teaching the Pros and Cons of Abortion

Abortion Persuasive Essay Samples - Teaching the Pros and Cons of AbortionAbortion persuasive essay samples are very useful for those who are pro-life or those who want to learn more about the right to life. You can use these essays as a guide to better educate yourself on the topic.Abortion persuasive essay samples are ideal for teaching the subject of abortion to students in an educational setting. If you have enrolled your students in a philosophy class, you can use this sample to teach them why abortion is wrong. They will understand why it is so important that you teach the pro-life perspective and also that they need to know more about the legality of abortion.Abortion persuasive essay samples are not just helpful for the pro-life community, but for people who are pro-choice as well. These are perfect for students, for people who are anti-abortion and those who are against abortion all together.These topics are used by many individuals who are in life topics of debate. Many peo ple wonder how to write an essay on abortion, which article will be the best to explain the issues and make an argument. In this case, it helps a lot if you use these article samples as a guide.If you are teaching a group on how to debate against a person's life, you can go with an abortion persuasive essay sample. There are many reasons why abortion is wrong. You can use these articles to explain the facts and show that abortion is not a necessary medical procedure.You can also use them to help people form their own opinions and the results of the opinion poll. It is so much easier to create an argument if you do not depend on just one author or research. You will find that even with an opinion poll on abortion, the most common sentiment is in favor of banning abortion, but that does not mean that you are doing the right thing.Abortion persuasive essay samples are also great if you are going to a formal gathering or book signing and you are looking for ways to impress the client. Y ou can use these samples to show them how the writer knows what they are talking about and how they can benefit from it.A couple of other things to consider is that abortion persuasive essay samples can not be copied without permission. You cannot make changes to these or sell them.

Free Essays on Anglea Carter

In this essay I will be comparing and contrasting the two female agents in the stories ‘The Tigers Bride ´ and ‘The Werewolf ´ in regards to the post-modern feminism of our times. Initially in ‘The Tigers Bride ´ a father looses her daughter (beauty) to The Beast in a game of cards. Obviously Beauty resents her father for this act, this is shown in, â€Å"My father said he loved me yet he staked his daughter on a hand of cards.† Whereas in ‘The Werewolf ´ the young daughter is also put at risk by her mother, when she is asked to take her grandmother some cakes through a dangerous forest. Both of the female characters are exposed to danger in the beginning of the stories In this day and age it is questionable if these females would strictly follow the commands of their parents and also due to equality they would be allowed to decide for themselves. It would seem that both females would encounter instant misery yet this is not the case. Even though both characters are faced with danger they still continue instead of fleeing. In Comparison beauty follows The Beast to his retreat, while the young daughter in ‘The Werewolf ´ goe s through the dangerous forest. They both show a degree of bravery that can be seen as a postmodern feminist thought. Both characters control and confront their fears on their own personal terms. Beauty confronts the beast when they both expose their naked bodies to one another and the laws associated with identity and fear collapse. Whereas the young girl physically confronts her fears by cutting off the hand of the werewolf when she is attacked. A woman confronting her fears and succeeding no matter what can also be seen as post modern feminism. Ironically in the end beauty has the dominant character in respect to the male character, as the heroine is mentally strong, in control, and she actively orchestrates her situation on her own terms. Strangely the entire main characters in ‘The W... Free Essays on Anglea Carter Free Essays on Anglea Carter In this essay I will be comparing and contrasting the two female agents in the stories ‘The Tigers Bride ´ and ‘The Werewolf ´ in regards to the post-modern feminism of our times. Initially in ‘The Tigers Bride ´ a father looses her daughter (beauty) to The Beast in a game of cards. Obviously Beauty resents her father for this act, this is shown in, â€Å"My father said he loved me yet he staked his daughter on a hand of cards.† Whereas in ‘The Werewolf ´ the young daughter is also put at risk by her mother, when she is asked to take her grandmother some cakes through a dangerous forest. Both of the female characters are exposed to danger in the beginning of the stories In this day and age it is questionable if these females would strictly follow the commands of their parents and also due to equality they would be allowed to decide for themselves. It would seem that both females would encounter instant misery yet this is not the case. Even though both characters are faced with danger they still continue instead of fleeing. In Comparison beauty follows The Beast to his retreat, while the young daughter in ‘The Werewolf ´ goe s through the dangerous forest. They both show a degree of bravery that can be seen as a postmodern feminist thought. Both characters control and confront their fears on their own personal terms. Beauty confronts the beast when they both expose their naked bodies to one another and the laws associated with identity and fear collapse. Whereas the young girl physically confronts her fears by cutting off the hand of the werewolf when she is attacked. A woman confronting her fears and succeeding no matter what can also be seen as post modern feminism. Ironically in the end beauty has the dominant character in respect to the male character, as the heroine is mentally strong, in control, and she actively orchestrates her situation on her own terms. Strangely the entire main characters in ‘The W...

Quetzalcoatl - Pan-Mesoamerican Feathered Serpent God

Quetzalcoatl - Pan-Mesoamerican Feathered Serpent God Quetzalcoatl pronounced Keh-tzal-coh-WAH-tul and roughly translated as the Feathered Serpent, the Plumed Serpent or the Quetzal-Feathered Serpent, is the name of an important Mesoamerican deity who was worshiped throughout the region in one form or another for 1,200 years. Key Takeaways: Quetzalcoatl Quetzalcoatl is the name of a central Mexican deity, closely related to the morning star, Venus.  He appears in Post-classic tales from the Maya, Toltec, and Aztec cultures.As an Aztec deity, he was one of four sons of the creator god Ometeotl, associated with the wind god, and the patron god of arts and knowledge.A persistent myth about the conquistador Hernan Cortà ©s being mistaken for Quetzalcoatl is almost certainly false.   During the Postclassic period (900–1521 CE), several cultures- including the Maya, Toltecs, Aztecs and other polities in Central Mexico- all practiced some version of the cult which had formed around the legends of Quetzalcoatl. However, the majority of information about this god comes from Aztec/Mexica sources, including surviving Aztec codexes, as well as oral history told to the Spanish conquistadors. The Pan-Mesoamerican Quetzalcoatl The pyramid of Quetzalcoatl (god of the feathered serpent) is showing the alternating Tlaloc (left, with goggle eyes, a god of rain, fertility, and water) and feathered serpent (right, with a collar of feathers) heads. stockcam / iStock / Getty Images The earliest example of Quetzalcoatl, or at least a Feathered Serpent god, comes from the Classic period (200–600 CE) city of Teotihuacn, where one of the main temples, the Temple of Quetzalcoatl in the Ciudadela, is decorated with carvings of feathered serpents. Among the Classic Maya, the figure of a feathered serpent is illustrated in many stone monuments and murals and is often related to the worship of royal ancestors. During the Terminal Classic or Epiclassic (650–1000 CE) period, the cult of the Feathered Serpent spread dramatically throughout Mesoamerica, including the central Mexico centers of Xochicalco, Cholula, and Cacaxtla. The most famous example of the Mayan Quetzalcoatl cult is reflected in the architectural aspects of Chichà ©n Itz in the Yucatn Peninsula, where Maya Puuc styles are contrasted with those of the Quetzalcoatl-inspired Toltec. According to local and colonial legends, the Toltec shaman/king Quetzalcoatl (known as Kukulcan in the Maya language) arrived in the Maya region after having been ousted by political rivals, bringing with him not just a new architectural style but a new set of religious and political practices associated with militarism and human sacrifice. The Origins of Aztec Quetzalcoatl Experts on Mesoamerican religion believe that the Aztec (1325–1521 CE) figure of Quetzalcoatl began with the legend of the pan-Mesoamerican god and blended in a historical Tollan leader, Ce Acatl Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl, who reportedly lived 843–895 CE). This man was a heroic figure, probably a king and/or a priest, who left his home in the Toltec capital of Tula chased out by traitorous priests, but promising to return. The Aztecs considered the Tollan leader the ideal king; more details are found in the legend of the Toltecs. The story undeniably echoes the Mayan story, but whether or not this legend is based on real events is still under debate among scholars. Quetzalcoatl as Aztec Deity Quetzalcoatl, the Toltec and Aztec god; the plumed serpent, god of the wind, learning and the priesthood, master of life, creator and civiliser, patron of every art and inventor of metallurgy, in the Codex Borbonicus. Bridgeman Art Library / Getty Images Quetzalcoatl the deity was one of four sons of the creator god Ometeotl in his male form Ometecuhtli (â€Å"Two-Lord†) and his female form, Omecihuatl (â€Å"Two-Lady†), and brother of Tezcatlipoca, Xipe Totec, and Huitzilopochtli. The Aztecs called their era the time of the 5th Sun- there had been four previous versions of the earth and its people, each ruled by different gods. According to the Aztec Legend of the Suns, Quetzalcoatl ruled over the second Sun of Aztec creation. He was a creator god, associated with the wind god (Ehecatl) and the planet Venus. Quetzalcoatl was also the patron god of arts and knowledge. He was one of the most human-loving of the gods in the Aztec pantheon. He was the god who met with an ant to provide humans with their first maize to plant, and he was responsible for saving all humanity at the beginning of the Fifth Sun. Quetzalcoatl and the Bones of the Ancestors At the end of the fourth sun, so it is told, all humanity was drowned, and after the creation of the fifth sun, Quetzalcoatl descended into the underworld (Mictlan) to negotiate with the god of the underworld (Mictlantecuhtli) the return of humanitys bones so the earth could be repopulated. When Mictlantecuhtli proved unwilling to give them back, Quetzalcoatl stole the bones. In his hasty retreat, he was startled by a quail and tripped and broke them (which is why humans come in a range of different sizes), but managed to carry the bones to the paradise of Tamoanchan, where the goddess Cihuacoatl ground them up and placed them in a jade bowl. Then Quetzalcoatl and other gods performed the first auto-sacrifice  when they shed their blood over the bones and endowed them with life, thus lumbering humanity with a debt that had to be repaid by abundant human sacrifices. The Cortà ©s Myth Quetzalcoatl’s fame is also linked to a persistent story about Hernan Cortà ©s, the Spanish conquistador credited with conquering the Aztec Empire. The story is that the last emperor Motecuhzoma (sometimes spelled Montezuma or Moctezuma) mistook Cortà ©s for the returning god, based on the supposed resemblance between the Spanish conquistador and the god. This story, detailed in Spanish records, is almost certainly false, but how it arose is a fascinating story itself. One possible theory for the origin of this story is that the Spanish misinterpreted the welcoming speech pronounced by the Aztec king. In this speech, if it ever happened, Motecuhzoma used a form of Aztec politeness that was mistaken by the Spanish for a form of submission. Other scholars suggest that the idea that Cortà ©s  and Quetzalcoatl were confused by the Mexica was entirely created by Franciscan friars, and elaborated during the post-Conquest period. Most interestingly, according to Smith (2013), some scholars attribute the origin of the Cortà ©s  myth to the Nahua nobility themselves, who invented it and told it to the Spanish to explain why Motecuhzoma hesitated to attack the conquering forces. It was the nobility who created the prophecy, a series of omens and signs, and claimed that Motecuhzoma truly believed Cortes to have been Quetzalcoatl. Quetzalcoatl’s Images The figure of Quetzalcoatl is represented in many different ways according to different epochs and Mesoamerican cultures. He is both represented in his non-human form as a feathered serpent with plumage along its body and around the head, as well as in his human form, especially among the Aztecs and in Colonial codices. In his human aspect, he is often depicted in dark colors with a red beak, symbolizing Ehecatl, the wind god; and wearing a cut shell as a pendant, symbolizing Venus. In many images, he is depicted wearing a plumed headdress and carrying a plumed shield. Quetzalcoatl Cult Centers Numerous circular temples (at Texcoco, Calixtlahuaca, Tlatelolco, and in the Pino Suarez metro station in Mexico City) are dedicated to Quetzalcoatl in the guise of Ecahtl, constructed without corners so the wind could easily blow around them. Extant temples dedicated to the cult of Quetzalcoatl have been identified at many Mesoamerican sites, such as Xochicalco, Teotihuacan, Cholula, Cempoala, Tula, Mayapan, and Chichen Itza. Edited and updated by K. Kris Hirst. Sources Berdan, Frances F. Aztec Archaeology and Ethnohistory. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014. Print.Carrasco, David, Lindsay Jones, and Scott Sessions, eds. Mesoamericas Classic Heritage: From Teotihuacan to the Aztecs. Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2002. Print.Milbrath, Susan. Maya Astronomical Observations and the Agricultural Cycle in the Postclassic Madrid Codex. Ancient Mesoamerica 28.2 (2017): 489–505. Print.Miller, Mary E., and Karl Taube, eds. The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya: An Illustrated Dictionary of Mesoamerican Religion. London: Thames and Hudson, 1993. Print.Mysyk, Darlene Avis. Quetzalcoatl and Tezcatlipoca in Cuauhquechollan (Valley of Atlixco, Mexico). Estudios ee Cultura Nhuatl 43 (2012): 115–38. Print.Smith, Michael E. The Aztecs. 3rd ed. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013. Print.

Early Military Hospitals Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Early Military Hospitals - Research Paper Example Daniel Whistler as well as nurse Alkin Elizabeth for the injured soldiers. In 1660, military hospitals were closed, something that left the Army without any dedicated hospital. First field hospitals were established in 1692, during the Nine Year’s War, by William III and were located on the battlefield .1702 welcomed the Flying hospitals introduced on battlefields and were used to transport and treat casualties. In 1752, a major breakthrough of causes of disease was discovered by Sir Pringle John who gave innovative methods of disease and illness prevention amongst soldiers. The first permanent military hospital was established in Chelsea by John Hunter who was a surgeon in 1789.In 1803; disease became the biggest killer of soldiers in war due to poor hygiene especially during the Napoleonic wars. In America’s civil war, almost 200,000 men died from enemy fire in the duration of 4 years of the war. The saddening thing was that over 400,000 soldiers were killed by diseas e. The Crimean prompted Miss Nightingale to request for Royal Commission specifically for military hospitals, which later was followed by critical reforms in healthcare. She played such a significant role in introduction of statistical analysis of casualty, hospital sanitation and planning as well as military health. Apart from that, Nightingale established a training school named in her honor in London. In 1863, the Royal Victoria Hospital opened at Netley in Hampshire becoming the first purpose-built military hospital in Britain as well as the new base for the Amy Medical School. The school’s first professor of military hygiene was Alexander Edmund who led to important improvements in the soldiers’ health and earning him the reputation of the modern military hygiene founder. Anesthesia was first used by the navy in 1847 by a naval medical officer Thomas Spencer who used it for dental extraction .1853 was the year when over 20,000 died in Crimean War, of which only

Groups in Organisations Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Groups in Organisations - Coursework Example communication skills, planning and management skills etc. Bruce W Tuckman has suggested a model of group development based on four stages. Here, I shall evaluate the process of group development at Sok-Fitness Center where I am a member of the marketing team. Sok-Fitness makes partners in the workforce, so I have a female colleague Sarah with whom I work. She makes the schedules, and I go and discuss the matters with the clients. The first stage of group development is of formation. This is basically the stage of understanding the need to form a group and integrating into it. People form groups in order to have a better understanding of who performs what in the course of achievement of the organizational objective. â€Å"†¦individuals are also gathering information and impressions - about each other, and about the scope of the task and how to approach it† (Chimaera Consulting Limited, 2001). Formation of a group unites people on one platform and they are able to avoid con flicts. Our group was formed by our manager, and the two of us were assigned our respective duties by him, so there were no misunderstandings. The second stage of group development is storming. This is the stage when people feel the need to conflict over issues of mutual interest or concern. Some people enter minor confrontations while others enter into severe kinds of conflicts. The level to which the conflicts storm up varies from one organization to another depending upon the culture and policies of an organization, yet it is never entirely inevitable. People look for rules to guide them on different matters. Sarah was a new employee and needed a bit of training before making the schedules. So in the start, she and I had had some misunderstandings. She referred me to various clients haphazardly. This was causing trouble. We consulted the manager. He told us that I can schedule for myself unless Sarah is sufficiently trained. The company organized one week’s training sessio n for Sarah after which she got skilled in making schedules. The third stage of group development is norming. This is the stage when the rules of engagement are developed. These rules help the people have a better understanding of their respective roles and responsibilities in the group. Once that is achieved, people perceive one another better and can appreciate one another’s skills and differences. However, after this stage, employees may become resistant to change because of their fear that the change might distort the group. We saw this stage after Sarah was trained. We did not have troubles thereafter. The manager asked us if we would like to exchange our roles, but neither of us opted for it. Performing is the fourth stage of group development and is rare to occur. This is a stage whereby every member of the group can emotionally connect with others and change the roles and responsibilities as per the need of the hour. This is a stage in which, the members entire effort is directed towards the achievement of the goal. We were fortunate enough to reach this stage. Q. 2 Some of the most common characteristics of a successful team are mission, empowerment, involvement, willingness to take risk, unity and change (Business Advantage International, 2008). Factors that can negatively affect the team include group think and dysfunctional conflicts. Several personality traits of individuals that make part of a team also have many positive and